ABSTRACT
The relationship between information and communication technology investment (ICT), environmental impacts, and economic growth has received increasing attention in the last 20 years. However, the relationship between ICT, energy intensity, environmental impacts, and economic growth was relatively neglected. In this paper, we aimed to contribute to the environmental literature by simultaneously analyzing the relationship between ICT, energy intensity, economic growth, Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and energy consumption for the period of 1990–2020 in G7 countries. We employed the Panel Quantile Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (PQARDL) method and Panel Quantile Granger Causality (PQGC) methods. According to the results of PQARDL method, energy consumption, ICT, CO2 emission, and energy intensity have effects on economic growth in the long and short run. According to the of PQGC methods allowing causality results for different quantiles, there is evidence of a bidirectional causality between ICT investment and economic growth for all quantiles and evidence of a unidirectional causality from ICT to energy consumption and from CO2 emissions to ICT investment and energy efficiency. Our results indicate that the governments of the G7 countries have placed energy efficiency and ICT investment at the center of their policies while determining their environmental and energy policies, since energy consumption is a continuous process.
ABSTRACT
Under the influence of the COVID19 pandemic, Bitcoin, gold, copper and silver prices have exhibited sudden changes. For this reason, in this paper, it was aimed to investigate contagion behavior, and the volatility of bitcoin, gold, copper and silver prices by using Markov Switching GARCH Multilayer Perceptron (MS-GARCH-MLP) Copula method in the period of February 02, 2012–May 29, 2020. Firstly, the nonlinear, uncertainity and chaotic structure of Bitcoin, gold, silver, and copper were determined by Largest Lyapunov Exponent and Shannon Entropy techniques. Following, the MS-GARCH-MLP Copula method was emerged and applied to explore the existence of persistence and contagion. Our findings presented that there are presence of persistence and the evidences of contagion between the variables. At the final stage, forecast performance at our model was analyzed. The forecast results showed that the best performance is observed at bitcoin and silver for the long run.